The commonest functional abnormalities are detrusor overactivity and stress urinary incontinece and either may manifest as lower urinary tract symptoms such as urgency, frequency and /or nocturia. Painful urination is related to cystitis which means baldder is inflamed acutely or chronically. Ther most cignificent symptom is blood in urine which colud be intal presntation of baldder cancer.
Urethral Stricutre has been known since time immemorial and conitnues to be bothering disease of males, less common in females and children. Its is basically a narrowing of the lumen due to infections, trauma- road traffic and endoscopic urological intervention for example post TURP.
This often lead to severe difficulty in passing urine and is one of the most common causes of acute retention of urine in young males.
It’s no longer a hopeless disease as was previously understood. Treatment involves cold knife incision and enlargement. Severe cases demand urethroplasty is a more complex procedure but has a higher rate of curing stricture.
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